Friday, November 29, 2019

Why Schools Need The Grading System Essays - Education Reform

Why Schools Need The Grading System C.D. 1/5/99 New School Policy Essay School Number (WHATEVER SCHOOL) is considering a new policy.Students will not receive grades in any classes.Before passing this policy,the principal wants to know how it will affect students.This new policy can have some good effects and bad effects.How would it affect teachers?How would it affect students who plan to go to collage?How would it affect students who usually get bad grades?All these things have to be taken into consideration.In the following paragraphs I will state what I think of this new policy. If students don't recieve grades,how would parents know how their son is doing.Students will not do their homework as much because they are not being graded,so why do it.Why study for tests if its not going to make a difference if you did?If the student needs extra help in a certain class,nobody would know.It would be completely changing hundreds of years of tradition.Grades and school go together to good to just break up the connection altogether.I think report cards are definately needed in schools. School relies on grades.Grades are needed to see what your good and bad in.If you want to be a scientist,you have to know if your good in it.You would also want to go to the right collage.Without grades,none of that is possible without confussion.Grades are useful in a variety of ways,not just to know how you are doing,but to know how others are doing.If you are a manager of a store,and you are looking for a cashier to hire,you don't want to hire anyone bad in math.You have to know what they are good at in order place them in a position.Grades can provide that type of information. Getting back to the point I made earlier,I strongly believe students will slack off on their homework and tests,because it just woulden't matter anymore.You could work on your homework for five hours,and do an extremly good job on it,and their just woulden't be that A+ to be proud of.So that student will eventually start slacking more and more off his homework.That will lead to failure in life.Grades are good for students who are doing bad,cause they can get the help they need to improve themselves.They can say,I got a F in math,I'll try my hardest to bring that grade up. I think grades are definatly needed in school.Without them,what ould school be for.It's a place where you to learn.Without grades,how will you prove you are learning.You go to school to see what you are good in to mabye make a career out of it.You won't know what you are good at,cause you can't prove yourself right.Their is nothing backing you up,or encouraging you to move on to a higher level on a subject.You won't even know how you are donig,cause you need to be tested and graded in order to find out. Acceptance Essays

Monday, November 25, 2019

Developing Good Work Ethics Essays

Developing Good Work Ethics Essays Developing Good Work Ethics Paper Developing Good Work Ethics Paper As a social actively Its purpose Is the preservation of society. Work therefore has moral and legal implications. Work is a legitimate use of our mental and bodily powers for economic gain or profit 1 . Work is the use or application of our physical powers to accomplish certain tasks. It is the use because nobody can own another mans body, nor can anyone sell his body or any part of it, for purposes of material advantage or gain. . Work is the repose of obtaining economic gain for the power. It belongs to the essence of work that it can be compensated. The Meaning of Work in the Holy Bible From the biblical point of view, God is seen as the author of work and he also blessed and sanctioned work. Old Testament God did not Just create man, He was also the author of work. In Genesis chapter 1, He creates pattern for us to follow He created the world for SIX days and rested on the seventh day. The reason for this respite Is for man to appreciate the value and meaning of work. New Testament The meaning of work could be understood from the mystery of Gods reincarnation. When Christ became man, humanity was blessed and sanctified, including human work. Seen from this perspective, work therefore is not a drudgery, not even a curse, but an activity that has been sanctified, then it must also sanctify the worker. The Theological Meaning of Work According to SST. Thomas Aquinas SST. Thomas Aquinas enumerates four purposes of work In his treatise entitled Summary Theological 1 . It provides for ones day livelihood. 2. It prevents Idleness which Is the source of many evils. . It curbs the rebellious flesh. 4. It enables man to give alms from his material surplus. The Human Perspective of Work . Practice the Golden Rule. 2. Guard your mouth. 3. Stop the green Jokes. 4. Practice ethical behavior. 5. Learn to forgive. 6. Be generous. 7. Respect superiors and co-workers. 8. Be considerate. 9. Perform your work and fulfill your duties to the best of your ability. 10. B ea grateful person. 11. Do not bring the problems at your home to your workplace. (vice versa) 12. Be an inspiration to others. 13. Read the bible every day. 14. Develop a personal relationship with God. 5. Smile and enjoy work. (remember: work has been sanctified, it must also sanctify you) Basic Duties of Employers 1 . Respect the dignity of the worker 2. Appreciate their work. 3. Never treat them as a slave for making money. 4. Never assign them beyond their strength, do not employ them in work not suited to their age or gender. 5. Give them commensurate or fare wages. 6. Provide for their health and social recreation. 7. Provide them time for the practice of their religion. 8. Instruct them how to use their money wisely. 9. Instruct them to love their family. 10. Provide them opportunities for promotion. Basic Duties of Worker 1 . Work honestly and comply with all agreements. 2. Never injure capital, nor steal from the employer. . Never outrage the person of the employer. 4. Never employ deceit nor violence in presenting a cause. 5. Never consult with agitators or men with evil principle. CHAPTER 15 Equal Employment Opportunities and Affirmation Action EQUAL JOB OPPORTUNITY- Is a labor policy that prohibits business from discriminating against otherwise-qualified people with disabilities. JOB on the basis of personal merit but on the basis of partiality or bias. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Involves policies to increase opportunities for ethnic minorities by favoring them in hiring and promotion, college admissions, and the awarding of government entrants. What is employment discrimination? Employment discrimination is a form of discrimination based on race, sex, religion, national origin, physical disability, and age by employers. Earnings differentials or occupational differentiation is not in and of itself evidence of employment discrimination. Discrimination can be intended and involve disparate treatment of a group or be unintended, yet create disparate impact for a group. 179. What are the factors to consider? Soon and Palm-Angles (1997) think that it really depends on several factors, such as the following: Who his competitors are What abilities his competitors have How interviewers see him How he performed during the exams and interviews 180. Is it easy to detect discrimination in the workplace? The truth is that it is not easy to detect whether or not there is discrimination in the workplace. Spotting employment discrimination is a big headache because it is generally hard to know whether specific individuals were actually discriminated against. 181 . What are the elements of Job discrimination? It may be of help if we are to identify some elements or factors that somehow constitute Job discrimination (Velazquez, 1998), and I enumerate here as follows: 1) When a Judgment, decision, or treatment (not based on personal merit such as seniority, performance rating, or other qualifications) is intended against anyone of the workers and his/ her particular group (2) When a Judgment, decision, or treatment springs from prejudice or bias, from false stereotypes, or from other ways of unfair attitude aimed at a particular group to which the worker belongs (3) When a Judgment, decision, or treatment is disadvantageous, pejorative or simply harmful to the worker, perhaps costing his/ her Job, promotion, or pay raise 182. How do you know whether those elements apply to our earlier example? Most likely, racial discrimination was a shadow behind the promotion or a better pay if the following three elements are present: (1) Was the discussion of management to bypass the Filipino assistant manager in favor of the French assistant manager based on personal merits such as seniority, performance rating or other qualifications? Or the criterion to promote the French assistant manager has nothing to do with merits, qualifications, and credentials? (2) Did the decision spring from false stereotypes such as the French are more competent, aggressive, or trustworthy Han Filipinos, Asians in general, and other ethnic groups? The presence of this element may be hard to prove. (3) Was the decision disadvantageous to the Filipino assistant manager in terms of a promotion or a better pay? 183. Is there discrimination against women in the workplace? In the Philippine setting, it looks like there is still some kind of Job discrimination The major challenge women have to confront relates to the fact they are the ones who biologically bear children and carry most of the burden of rearing and caring for them. Employers are equally afraid they must provide childcare support by setting up a Hillsdale facility at or near the workplace and other unending benefits for women. Almost always, HER managers are inclined to distinguish between a career woman and a mother, with the latter usually discriminated against in favor of the former. 184. What are the stereotypes against women? Job recruitment and interviews are discriminatory if the recruiter or interviewer routinely disqualifies women by relying on sexual stereotypes. These stereotypes may include some presumptions: There are fields of occupation, which are traditionally suitable for women because of their sensitive, vulnerable, and fragile nature. There are types of work, which may not be fitting to women due to their biological condition like monthly period. The inability of women to cope up with certain Job requirements since their common gender personality and aptitude traits make them unsuitable for those Jobs. Such generalizations about women are not only biased or prejudicial but also UNTRUE. 185. What is the lesson learned from the 1997 film 6. 1. Jane? The movie 6. 1. Jane, starring Deem Moore, demonstrates the active presence of a determined woman in the toughest military facilities of the US Navy Seals. Veritably, mimes have changed. In the real world-not by pure chance, luck, or accident-women have become heads of state in Israel, Pakistan, India, Nicaragua, Ireland, Finland, Great Britain, New Zealand and other nations. 186. How is discrimination related to right to life ? It is unethical and socially irresponsible for any employer to dismiss or discharge an employee merely on account of his/her marital status. Hiring, firing, promotion, or demotion must be subject to an objective, unbiased and fair criteria. Workers ought to be treated equally on the basis of individual merit and not on the ground of sexual orientation or marital status. 187. What are ethical principles involved in Job discrimination? Discrimination in the workplace is wrong and socially irresponsible because of the following reasons: 1) Discrimination in hiring is a disservice in the long run. To hire the best and the smartest it is wiser to select somebody whose talents and personality traits quality him/her as the most competent for the Job. If you so hire and appoint someone on the basis of other criteria unrelated to competency, then subsequent Job performance necessarily declines and productivity goes down. Thats one pragmatic argument against employment Discrimination. 2) It is actually double Jeopardy. Both the object and the subject of discrimination turn out to be the loser. The company could have possibly hired the worker discriminated against, the one who might turn out to be the best and most suited for the Job. But because it was biased, the company did not pick up the best possible applicant, suffered a disadvantage and got no blessing. Ethics. To discriminate is not the right thing to do. Each person has a fundamental right to be treated as a free and thinking individual and all other individual including employers) have a correlative moral duty to treat him/her as such. 4)when business discriminates, it consciously or unconsciously affirms that one group is inferior or subordinate to another group, that people from the province are less qualified than city residents, or UP and La Sale graduates are better than CRU or PUP graduates, that women are less capable than men, that French employees are better that Filipinos. Such regarding stereotypes undermine the self-esteem of those groups against whom the stereotypes are directed and thereby violate their fundamental right to be treated as equals. Discriminatory practices are not consistent with ethical management which upholds that all are equal in essence and dignity and that all men and women have the same basic rights and duties. Everyone is created equal in essence and dignity, in spite of the race or color, religion, sex, party affiliation, or business connections (Velasquez, 1998). 188. What is the best practice of shell in terms of diversity standard? Creating an inclusive environment that elicits the very best from its employees is fundamental to shells success. Therefore, the oil company is committed to manage diversity as a radical business activity. It values the broad range of cultural and personal differences that exists in the company. The company is benchmarking CARS on diversity and inclusiveness. Shell dedicated to respect each employees need to balance work and personal demands, and provide equal opportunity for everyone to compete through well-understood and consistently applied employment and performance standards. Thus, the company provides means for employees to share, networking, learning, self-development and communication. Royal Dutch/shell group(2002) reports that shell companies across the globe promotes a culture in which all shell employees, contractors, and Joint ventures share his commitment for diversity. In order to underpin this commitment, every shell company must assure that it: Has a systemic approach to diversity management addressing each of the elements of the group Diversity Framework; Actively supports attraction, development, retention, and promotion of diverse talents; Promotes a workplace free from harassment and discrimination; Establish annual diversity plans, goals and targets for improvement; measures, appraises and reports business performance; Includes diversity performance in the appraisal and development plans of leaders ND employees; Provides safe and effective ways for employees to report observed behavioral inconsistencies with this standard. Chapter 16: Against Conceptualization Is Conceptualization Socially Responsible? What is labor conceptualization? Is the replacing of regular workers with temporary workers who receive lower wages with no or less benefits. These temporary workers are also known as sometimes called contractual, trainees, apprentices, helpers, casuals, piece raters, agency-hired, and project employees, among others. They do the work of regular workers for a specified and limited period of time, usually less than six months. The work they do is desirable and necessary for the companys survival, but they never become regular employees even if they get rehired repeatedly under new contracts. The general public is sounding the alarm on the steady growth of both unemployment and underemployment. The concrete situation of millions of sales ladies in our department stores and giant malls, some factory workers, house helpers, carpenters, gasoline boys, workers in the barber shops and parlors, whose jobs are permanently temporary, simply because they are contractual. They have no stable Jobs, no ASS, no medical insurance, no security of tenure?not to mention the 6 million Overseas Filipino Workers who are employed on a contract-to- contract basis, more than 70 percent of whom are domestic helpers and entertainers stationed in four corners of the globe. The new millennium, tagged by management guru Peter F. Trucker as the century of knowledge society, is witnessing the sudden increase of part-time Jobs even among our professionals. This is happening in spite of the fact that the Filipino labor force in general is globally recognized as technically proficient, highly educated, almost always over skilled, let alone our competitive advantage in the English language. Filipino workers are prioritize among Asians by many international companies. Is contractual labor part and parcel of the big economic landscape? Contractual labor is and has been there as part and parcel of the big economic picture?in agribusiness, sweatshops, construction, and retail business. Nevertheless, the fact that it has been with us for a long time does not make it correct. At any fast food chain you and your kids happen to drop by and eat, it is very probable that only a few of the uniformed crew (18-24 years old) who are on duty will become casual, probe, or regular employees. One thing is sure for those crew embers, the rest of them are out of work before the sixth-month deadline imposed by Labor Code. Even oversupplied nurses are now contractual laborers. From there, some have to renew their contracts while others have to look for another job, usually in another fasted or gasoline station or hospital, and the vicious cycle of conceptualization continues without ceasing. The conceptualization of labor is a business strategy or practice, validated to be cost effective. What could be the raisin d ©tree why Article 23 was included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that says, Everyone has the right to work, to free choice f employment, to Just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment? The basic foundation for full employment is the 1987 Philippine Constitution protecting the right to full employment in the following provision: Article 13, Section 3, The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unrealized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all. From here, we can safely assume that both able and disabled bodies have the natural right to earn a living by a meaningful occupation, a Job worthy of the free and hinging person. This basic human right to work and earn a legitimate means of livelihood entails a solemn duty on the part of private business sector and the government to provide ample opportunities for adequate work and full employment. Jobs are not enough. It should be adequate and full?regardless of how beautifully some pundits explain various theories of underemployment. Why is it a choice between underemployment and unemployment? Underemployment refers to an employment situation that is insufficient in some important way for the worker, relative to a standard. Examples include holding a part-time Job despite desiring full-time work, and over qualification, where the employee has education, experience, or skills beyond the requirements of the Job. Unemployment (or Joblessness) occurs when people are without work and actively seeking work In the technical sense, conceptualization is a form of underemployment. The right to adequate work and full employment is essential to all men and women of legal age, as swimming is essential to a fish and flying to a bird (well, most birds). This basic right springs from our intrinsic nature to self-preservation and our innate obligation o support our family, both of which are in accordance with the divine plan. Although underemployment (conceptualization and part-time Jobs) continues to exist in many various ways, there are no reasons adequate enough to Justify it. The key principle is that full employment is a fundamental right of every citizen, which means the right to be protected from unemployment and underemployment is basic. The harsh reality, however, appears to contradict this idealism embodied in our In most cases, on the part of the Jobsharers, who are almost always breadwinners, it is a choice between Joblessness and underemployment, a quick option between anger and at-least-theres-hope-for-survival. Is conceptualization a scheme for profit minimization? Ever since the Philippines Jumped into the GATE-WTFO bandwagon, times have been especially difficult for labor. The name of the game is cheap labor. In order to attract foreign investors?aspiring to be competitive as they say with our Asian neighbors? we have to provide the cheapest labor possible. And this cheap labor comes through conceptualization of Jobs and services. It appears that conceptualization is a scheme that allows capitalists to replace their workforce with ease according to market demands. This translates to minimization of profits for the company, but for the laborers, this system denies them the security and benefits of a regular Job while being paid very low wages. Conceptualization has become the main form of labor in many Philippine businesses, a good reason why there are hardly any labor unions in the country or why most workers are not organized in the new millennium. Contractual workers cannot afford to Join unions because they are at the mercy of their employers. Many laws protecting workers protect only regular employment. Ethics and Professional Codes of Conduct The era of globalization has created a need for a specialized skills and knowledge. 1 . Skills is the ability to do something well. 2. Knowledge skill that acquire during your education and experience. The reason for the globalization is known as full automation. This situation bring the word profession, professional and professionalism exist in the corporate world. 1 . Profession a type of Job that requires a special education, training or skill. 2. Professional -relating to a Job that requires special education, training, or skill done or given by a person who works in a particular profession paid to participate in a port or activity 3. Professionalism the competence or skill expected of a professional. Members of profession are required by their association to follow their particular rules or guidelines known to be Professional codes of conduct. These guidelines prescribe responsibilities that members must adhere to and situations in which they must not involved. In some cases, members must be sanctioned for violation of the code. These sanction may include the following : Payment of a fine Payment of a cost of any investigation Reprimand Imposition of condition on membership Suspension from membership Sometimes ,the law silent or absent in some areas of our human conduct. The law does not say anything about this human conduct and its regulation. In the absence of law, some people tend to make their own professional codes of conduct. However, professional codes of conduct are limited only to some specific professions and cannot be entirely regulated and imposed to all while Ethics is universal and applicable to all.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Week 7 Conference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 7 Conference - Essay Example Hemoglobin is the blood protein that transports oxygen (Cohen, 2013). Blood identification process gets referred to as ABO typing. The type of blood one has depends on the presence of blood proteins known as antigens in the red blood cells. The first step involves blood getting drawn from an individual and gets mixed with antibodies to determine the blood type (Cohen, 2013). The blood type gets determined on whether the blood agglutinates with the antibodies. The second step is called back typing where the liquid part of the blood gets mixed with blood that is either type A or B. Blood typing also gets carried out to determine the presence of rhesus factor on red blood cell surface. Jim got triaged in the resuscitation area. The staff present was a physician and two nurses. The physician who can be an M.D or D.O oversees the patient’s condition by conducting tests on the patient. The nurses administer the drugs to Jim as indicated by the physician. Aspirin got provided to Jim to act as an anticoagulant to prevent further clotting if possible. Morphine got provided to relieve pain or discomfort experienced by Jim. Nitroglycerine also gets provided to decrease blood pressure and increase blood flow by opening up blood vessels around the heart (Cohen, 2013). tPA gets provided to break down clots in the bloodstream around the heart. Principles of coronary bypass surgery: bring blood and oxygen to the heart muscle by creating a ‘bridge’ through a healthy artery. The blood passes over the blocked artery to ensure a normal blood flow down the blocked area. A heart attack refers to a situation where there is the occurrence of a sudden blockage in the coronary artery. This causes a stoppage of blood flow towards the heart muscle. This condition damages the heart muscle causing improper function of the heart. Heart failure implies that the heart’s pumping power is lower than normal (Cohen, 2013).

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Code of Ethics - Essay Example They need to be aware of the things that can get them fired. Sanitation hazards need to be taken very seriously. The littlest thing could turn away a customer, and perhaps lead to a lawsuit. When dealing with food, all precautions need to be taken. A lot of businesses require wearing gloves, having your hair pulled back, and no visible piercing or tattoos. Jan Norman, publisher for The Standard-Times stated, "A lot of people are offended when they see people in the workplace with piercings and tattoos." (Norman, p.1) When dealing with other people's food, all of those things are turn-offs. After touching your hair or face, going to the bathroom, or any other contact with yourself or another person, the person should immediately wash their hands. OHS states, "Hand washing reduces the risk of Common Infections." (p.1) Putting up signs for the employees to remind them to pull back their hair, and remove any visible piercing such as from the nose, eyebrow, lip or tongue. All of this affects the businesses as well. By sanitation standards not being met, stated by Occupational Health and Safety, this can cause businesses to be shut down. So employers need to keep close watch on employees." (OHS,P.1) Every day consumers are more concerned with sanitation especially when it concerns their food. There are so many bacterias that can be spread.

Monday, November 18, 2019

A discussion on Health Related Issues and Interventions for School Age Research Paper

A discussion on Health Related Issues and Interventions for School Age Children - Research Paper Example A number of health related issues arise at this age and their successful mitigation helps children develop normally into adolescent and adulthood. Without proper measure in place to address these health related issues, developmental problems may arise ranging from behavioural problems to physical and mental problems. This paper is going to look at a number of child health related problems such as childhood obesity and overweight issues, bullying, accidents and injuries, social network and the media, child abuse and neglect and the various interventions that could be employed to either prevent or lessen the impacts of these issues on school age children. Childhood obesity and overweight Last year, the Australia bureau of statistics reported the continued rise of childhood obesity over the last 40 years. The report indicated that the level of childhood obesity has increased substantially and is even projected to approach adult rates within 30 years. The report showed that 26.1% of chil dren between the ages of 5-15 were overweight or obese in 2007-08. In 2009 the same was 26.5% making a 0.4% increase in one year (ABS, 2011). The report attributed this rise to sedentary pursuits which include watching television and playing computer games. In 2005 the world health organization reported that 20 million children under 5 years were overweight. Latest statistics by the World health organization also indicate that 40 million children under the age of five years are overweight or suffer from obesity in 2010. These statistics are quite alarming making the issue a global concern (WHO, 2012). Scholars argue that overweight and obesity in childhood especially in older children can lead to serious and severe obesity and weight issues in adulthood. They also say that childhood and adolescent obesity poses a higher risk of premature death and disability later on in life (Kumanyika & Brownson, 2007, p. 51). Literature also suggests children who are obese or overweight normally e ncounter several physical risks and are at a greater risk of social isolation. Such children also are at the risk of developing psychological disorders than those who are in a healthy weight range (Vichuda L Mathews, 2011, pp. 4-6: Justin, 2005, p.84). Research also indicates other consequences of overweight and obesity and these include the development of chronic conditions such as chronic respiratory problems such as sleep apnoea and breathlessness; chronic musculoskeletal problems such as lower back pains and osteoarthritis; gall bladder disease and impaired fertility and well as chronic cardiovascular problems (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh, & Merchant, 2005, p. 24). Scholars have proposed a number of strategies in which childhood obesity could be reduced. Such intervention measures have been in existence for quite some time now. Their application is case specific and some could still be applied to solve the problem generally. Telford et al. (2012, 371 )in their study found out that an appropriately designed and administered physical education program (PE) is capable of producing benefits for elementary school children by reducing the percentage increase of body fat but also led to significant enhancement of numeracy development. Other studies have also supported the idea of physical education in helping in the primary prevention of overweight and obesity. Davis et al. (2012, p. 243) in their study propose school based initiatives that include physical activity and also provide opportunities for physical education and recess programs as very important in the prevention of obesity. It is argued that physical activity helps reduce adiposity in

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Affective Personality and Primary Emotion Systems

Affective Personality and Primary Emotion Systems Affect is the subjective experiential-feeling component that accompanies bodily stimulation found in physiological aspects such as: the homeostatic drive of hunger and thirst, the external stimulation of taste and touch and the emotional stimulation of environmental events. All are compound central functions of the brain, which are triggered by perceptions, becoming experientially refined. Such affective experiences are typically conceptualized in terms of: valence, such as positive and negative feelings. Arousal; which refers to the intensity of the feeling and also power, concerning the effect of the feeling on the mental state (Panksepp, 2005). There exists a large number of affective states each representing different neuro-dynamics within the brain. Such brain systems operate as an evolutionary adaption situated in subcortical networks and lower brain regions which produce these basic affects, with learning and higher brain functions considered secondary and tertiary processes ( Davis Panksepp, 2011). Such systems are located in ancient brain regions and are predominantly homologous in all mammals. These brain systems generate instinctual behavioural responses that are closely linked to the primitive affects that accompany such activity. (Panksepp, 1998a). Panksepps theory of affective personality (Panksepp, 1998a) suggests that such affective states modulated by these systems when induced by emotional stimuli act as the basis for personality. By employing techniques such as deep (subcortical) electrical stimulation (DBS) and pharmacological manipulation, the construction of six distinct primary emotion systems (SEEK, CARE, PLAY, FEAR, ANGER and SADNESS), anchored in phylogenetically old brain areas, have been developed (Panksepp, 1998a) (Primary emotional systems are printed in capital letters, as a formal designation for primal systems in all mammalian brains and to distinguish them from the vernacular emotional terms traditionally used in emotional and personality research). The affective personality model suggests that Individual differences in these emotional systems promote varying affective states, acting as the basis for individual differences in personality. Each system influences different affective activity which can correspond to a different fundamental personality trait. The six emotional systems are divided into two categories in correspondence to their associated valence. The positive system encompasses SEEK, CARE and PLAY while FEAR, ANGER and SADNESS fall into the negative system. The first of the three positive systems can be classed as SEEK. This precipitates behaviours such as enthusiasm, curiosity and learning. It produces motivation to search for things the organism needs, craves and desires. The system is proposed to correspond with the medial forebrain bundle or the brain reward system. It has been found to be largely driven by dopamine activity following a neural circuit surrounding the ventral-tegmental area of the midbrain and medial frontal cortex (Panksepp, 2010). For instance, it is noted in Trowill, Panksepp, Gandelman (1989) how the manipulation of dopamine activity in medial frontal cortex resulted in the exhibition of coherent emotional responses representing foraging or seeking. Further studies regarding self-stimulation reward have noted a complex neuronal system for appetitive desire which mediates an articulate organismic urge to explore the environment and seek resources in response to bodily needs and external incentives (Ikemoto Panks epp, 1999). The CARE system concerns behaviours such as empathy and nurture and is argued to be more active in females then males because of an evolutionary adaptation to ensure offspring survival. It is proposed to be heavily related to hormone Oxytocin, which is more present in females then males, and has been found to be involved in trust, pair bonding, and generosity (Panksepp, 2010). It is believed to operate around a neural system in the forebrain coursing the hypothalamus, posterior lobe and the nucleus accumbens and may increase affiliative behaviour by dampening amygdala activity (Theodoridou, Rowe, Penton-Voak Rogers, 2009). For example, a study by Kirsch et al (2005) found that the manipulation of oxytocin activity around the posterior lobe increased perceptions of trustworthiness in participants. Furthermore, a fMRI study by Petrovic, Kalso, Petersson Ingvar (2008) found reduced amygdala activity to be related to increased perception of generosity. Finally, the PLAY System refers to feelings of excitement, exploration and the instinctual nature of rough and tumble play demonstrated in human childhood and most young mammals. It is believed to influence learning of social structures, and several social processes such as defeat and social-appetitive motor skills (Panksepp, 1998a). Much like the seek systems it has been found to be linked to stimulation of the ventral tegmental area via dopamine (Panksepp, 2010). Evidence of this can be seen in studies which show the behaviour to survive radical decortication with animals possessing no neocortex still exhibiting play behaviour (Panksepp, Normansell, Cox Siviy, 1994). Furthermore, placing psychostimulants such as amphetamine into the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) can promote stimulation of laughter and feelings of joy (Burgdorf, Knutson, Panksepp, Ikemoto, 2001) and engaging in playful activities also provokes a robust arousal of the same brain area in humans (Mobbs, Greici us, Abdel-Azim, Menon, Reiss, 2003). The first system in the negative grouping is named ANGER which relates to feeling of annoyance, displeasure and hostility and is often aroused when the seeking system is inhibited. The system is related to the activity of the neuropeptide glutamate within a neural network extending from the amygdala and hypothalamus to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) (Located in the tegmentum) (Panksepp, 2010), a region shown to influence defensive behaviour and aggression (Tovote et al, 2016). In a neuroimaging review by Bruehl, Burns, Chung Chont (2009) it was found that opioid dysfunction in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior insula, amygdala, and PAG was related to direct verbal or physical expression of anger. The FEAR system influences behaviours such as alarm and panic when an organism is put in a threatening situation. The system is heavily related to the concept of flight or fight, as activation can lead organisms to flee or elicit a freezing response. It is related to neuropeptide Y and corticotropic activity stimulated by the hypothalamus (Panksepp, 2010). This system was established on the basis of experiments showing that localized DBS within an anterior hypothalamic trajectory could generate coherent fear responses and anxiety (Pankepp, 2005). Furthermore, stimulation of this system at various points along the neuroaxis resulted in animals consistently attempting to escape DBS applied to such brain sites (Panksepp, 1998a). Finally, the SADNESS system includes feelings of grief, unhappiness and regret. Relevant sub-cortical areas of control include the anterior cingulate, the bed-nucleus of the stria terminalis, the ventral septal and dorsal preoptic areas, the dorsomedial thalamus, and the PAG. Such areas have been found to linked to the detection and appraising of social processes as well the expression of negative emotion (Etkin, Egner Kalisch (2012). Some of these areas, most notably the ventral septal and dorsomedial thalamus, are known to control feelings of physical pain with shallow levels of brain stimulation within the PAG still being able to evoke emotional distress (Eisenberger, Lieberman, Williams, 2003). Similarly, it has been reported that social exclusion and depression activates anterior cingulate regions that are known to regulate pain within the human brain (Mayberg, 2004). Moreover, localized electrical stimulation of the stria terminalis can provoke crying (Herman Panksepp, 1981) with neuroimaging imaging studies highlighting similar trajectories of brain activation when experiencing intense sadness (Damasio, Grabowski, Bechara, Damasio, Ponto, Parvizi, 2000). The ANPS On the basis of such evidence for brain affective systems, it can be inferred that a great deal of variation in personality may be related to the strengths and weaknesses found the activity of these systems. This implies that evaluation of personality can be based on empirically relevant indicators along the lines of these brain systems. This precipitated the construction of the affective neuroscience personality scale (ANPS; Davis, Panksepp Normansell, 2003). Modelled after the Spielbergers State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI; Spielberger, 1975) and based on such neurological studies, the ANPS was designed to approximate self-reported feedback concerning the individual differences of these six neural based networks. The ANPS contrast to traditional measures of personality such as questionnaires based on the five-factor model (FFM; Goldberg, 1990) which primarily focus on linguistic representations of personality. As the FFM is based on a lexical (adjective-based) approach it do es not assist in hypothesizing about neural emotional systems underlying the human personality. For example, it has been found that emotional distress is related to stimulation of the PAG (Eisenberger et al, 2003). Therefore, such neural activity can be attributed to participants indicating high levels of distress on the ANPS, whereas reporting emotional distress via a lexical-based personality tool would indicated the presence of linguistic representation rather than hinting at the neural correlates. This can be seen in a study by Montag Reuter (2013) which highlights the use of the ANPS in helping identify the monoamines and neuropeptides involved in the molecular genetic basis of personality. However, the FFM can be argued to be the most influential tool in the measurement of personality, with thousands of studies within the realms of social and cognitive psychology, genetics and psychopathology employing its use Costa McCrae (1995). Therefore, the ANPS should be able to relate to the FFM in terms of the connection between the affective systems and the traditional adjectival descriptive personality dimensions (Extroversion, Introversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness). Research shows a theoretical relationship between the ANPS and the FFM with each of the six ANPS sub-scales reporting a significant correlation with at least one FFM sub-scale. The most robust associations have been reported between Extraversion and PLAY, Openness and SEEK with Agreeableness positively related to CARE and negatively with ANGER Conscientiousness seems to be more weakly related with the three negative emotions. (Davis et al, 2003). Such findings make theoretical sense as many of the behavioural facets defined in each sub-scale relate to corresponding sub-scales in the other model. For example, both the SEEK system and Openness sub-scale include facets relating to curiosity. It is suggested in Davis Panksepp (2011) that the six affective systems form the foundation for substantial parts of the adult five-factor personality structure. For example, that the root of Extraversion, as defined in the FFM, may be the PLAY system. This first emerges as infant smiling, laughter, and sensitivity to tickling, then in later development as childhood games and social interaction and is elaborated in adult personalities as they as joke telling and social engagement. Personality Attachment One area in which the FFM has been greatly utilized, is adult attachment. Adult attachment is a theory designed to explain thoughts, feelings and behaviours in the context of adult relationships. The theory was first developed in Mikulincer Shaver (2003) where it was suggested that close adult relationships mirror the relationship between mother and child, where, for example, a securely attached individual is comforted when their attachments are present and anxious when they are absent. Shaver and Brenner (1992) is one of the earliest examples for the examination of the relationship between attachment and personality. Most studies in the area have focused on the associations between attachment measures and the big five personality traits. Results have generally followed theoretically predictable patterns. Since the publication of Shaver and Brennans (1992) study, several other researchers have reported correlations between a variety of different attachment measures and different mea sures of the Big Five. In general, these studies show attachment security to be moderately-negatively correlated with neuroticism and moderately-positively correlated with extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness. With attachment security rarely showing a correlation with openness (Noftle Shaver, 2006). Such relationships tend to situate around a r = .30 correlation, implying the sub-scales are not simply redundant with each other (Noftle Shaver, 2006). These findings are further developed in studies examining the underlying cognitive and behavioural constructs behind such a relationship. For example, it has been noted how introversion is a form of insecurity in a similar way to insecurity in attachment. An Insecure attachment occurs when a caregiver is unreliable, leading to feelings of vulnerability in the child which relates heavily to the vulnerability and anxiety sub-scales of introversion in the FFM (Thompson, 1999). More recent research has attempted to study this relationship as a possible construct in clinical realms. For example, it has been reported how early traumatization affects brain areas in emotional states which verbal treatment cannot reach, resulting in hindered personality development and attachment malfunction (Ammon, 2010). Personality and attachment profiles have also been found to be important indicators for treatment of drug addiction in patients with children as well as for relapse prevention programmes for sex-offenders (Francescade, 2014, Lu Lung, 2010). Brain imaging studies have also contributed to literature concerning attachment and personality, to a lesser degree. Studies examining the neural correlates of attachment have found several overlapping areas such as the amygdala and the midbrain nuclei to be involved in the activation of the attachment-system (Lenzi et al, 2015) as well as regulation of the SEEK system (Trowill, 1989). This connection is better illustrated in Narvaezs (2017) theory of human biosocial plasticity. It is suggested that the primary caregiver acts as an external psychobiological regulator whose behaviour helps shape the construction of the childs affective neural systems. During prenatal and perinatal life, the maturation of the neocortex is rapidly developing. Under typical developmental conditions, before four months postnatally, the connections between the amygdala and regions mediating motor activity and environmental provocations have not become fully mature (Weber, Watts, Richardson, 2003). From fi ve six months however, reactions to environmental stimuli are patterned clearly. During this development, the relationship between the caregiver and child act as a template for interactions between the self and the social environment. The infant and the caregivers attachment system provides an instrument by which the elementary nervous system of the infant can be co-constructed by the caregiver to help develop psycho-behavioural potentials patterned into the affective emotional systems (Schore, 2001, in Narvaez, 2017). This is further illustrated in a study by Farinelli et al (2015) which found a relationship between affective personality and attachment style in adults. A group of stroke patients with lesions to certain areas of the brain were compared to a group of control patients, in terms of affective personality and attachment style. It was found that those with lesions to midline regions involved in the regulation of the positive emotional system displayed significantly lower levels of SEEK, and higher levels of SADNESS and insecure attachment. Similar results were found in those with lesions to the motor cortex, with the addition of increased levels of ANGER. Dopamine activity surrounding the motor cortex and midbrain regions has been found to play a role in the modulation the ANGER system (Hosp, Pekanovic, Mengia, Rioult-Pedotti Luft, 2011). Neuroimaging studies have also focused on more specific relations between personality and attachment. Most notably, a substantial amount of research has underlined the relationship between the CARE system and the anxiety sub-type of attachment. There exists two sub-types of attachment, attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance, which refer to different measures of the construct. There are many different dimensions of attachment such as the traditional: secure, insecure avoidant and insecure anxious constructs (Ainsworth Bowlby, 1991). However, attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance refer to measures of these different dimensions Mikulincer Shaver (2003). Attachment anxiety also referred to as the model of self refers to concepts such as self-awareness and self-consciousness in the context of relationships. This is opposed to attachment avoidance or model of others which refers to ones feelings and cognitions concerning others in the relationship dynamic. Many brain imaging s tudies have focused on the activity of the neuropeptide oxytocin in terms of the CARE system and attachment anxiety. For example, there is neural evidence indicating the importance of oxytocin in helping develop the model of self during the earliest stages of attachment. Insel (2003) highlights the importance of oxytocin for facilitating mother-infant bonding, maternal urges, and solidification of social memories. It has also been found to reduce separation distress and facilitate social bonding from the infants perspective (Nelson Panksepp, 1998). This activity can be seen to relate to similar neural behaviour involved in aspects of the PLAY system, such as empathy and maternal behaviour. For example, the posterior lateral hypothalamus is involved in introspection and self-awareness (Fabbro, Aglioti, Bergamasco, Clarici Panksepp, 2015) as well as maternal behaviour, of which both are modulated by oxytocin administration (Sripada, Phan, Labuschagne, Welsh, Nathan Wood, 2013). Oxy tocin also mediates the activation of the posterior temporal sulcus, which is involved in the mentalizing and processing of self-other distinction (Decety Lamm, 2007) as well as empathy (Paulus, MÃ ¼ller, Jansen, Gazzola, Krach SÃ ¶ren, 2015).

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Much Ado About Nothing Essay -- essays research papers

William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing is a play involving by deception, disloyalty, trickery, eavesdropping, and hearsay. The play contains numerous examples of schemes that are used to manipulate the thoughts of other characters; it is the major theme that resonates throughout the play. Ironically, it is one of these themes that bring serenity to the chaos that encompasses most of the play. The first example of deception we see is with the characters of Beatrice and Benedick. These two characters provide the humor throughout Shakespeare's comedy; their repartees and soliloquies tend to leave the reader smiling and anxious for more dialogue between them. Beatrice and Benedick have had a relationship prior to their battles of wit to which she alludes to in Act 2: "Marry, once before he won it for me with false dice; / Therefore your grace may well say I have lost it’ (2.1.265-7). We see that at one time in the past they had a relationship that somewhere went wrong. The deception of Beatrice and Benedick comes courtesy of Don Pedro in Act 2. In this scene, Don Pedro, out of pure amusement, asks Leonato, the governor of Messina, and Claudio, a lord attending on Don Pedro, for help to bring these two together: "If we can do this, Cupid is no / longer an archer; his glory shall be ours†¦" (2.1.363-4). In Act 2.3, Claudio, Pedro, and Leonato, see Benedick in the garden and decide that that is the right moment for them to try and trick Be...

Monday, November 11, 2019

Danger, Death, Boredom and Reporting from Iraq Essay

The war in Iraq is arguably the most significant news story of our time; a relentless show of bloody violence that has dragged on for six years and claimed thousands of civilians’ and foreigners’ lives. Unfortunately, it is perhaps the most underreported war at least in certain inside story aspects due to the danger that its bloody violence poses on journalists. It is not easy to be a news reporter in Iraq. While many of them make a valiant attempt to penetrate the most dangerous turfs and report the real story, only a few of them manage- and live to tell the tale. As the war progresses, foreigners –majority of who are journalists- have increasingly become the prime target of the militia. For years, Iraq has been ranked by the Committee to Protect Journalists as the deadliest place for the media to work in worldwide- and the figures are telling. As of 2007, a total of 133 media support workers and journalists had lost their lives; 83% of them locals who were linked to the Western media. Fast forward to 2009 and the figures are likely to be higher than that. The most disturbing fact about these deaths is that the journalists are not hapless victims caught in a cross fire but are actually the targets of these attacks. While some journalists, especially those embedded in the US and British armies are killed in combat, murder remains the leading cause of death for journalists in Iraq (Ricchiardi, 2007). Cockburn (2007) has noted that due to the difficulty faced by journalists in unearthing and reporting the real story, it is easy for politicians to say anything they want, usually to their advantage and get away with it since the truth cannot be established. This is very frustrating for journalists since they cannot verify the real situation on the ground without risking their lives; essentially they cannot do their work. The main reason why journalists have become the prime targets is because they are regarded as spies out to collect information for the enemy camp. Unfortunately, the nature of the journalism trade requires them to actually be in the field where the crossfire is taking place and to constantly expose themselves to danger in an attempt to get an inside story. Thus they have been felled by bullets, roadside bombs, rockets or they have been kidnapped for ransom. Some of those kidnapped have ended up being beheaded. Undoubtedly, urgent steps have to be taken to protect the lives of journalists. Some media houses have taken great lengths to protect their correspondents by offering them tight security while on the ground but even then, it is not a guarantee that they are fully protected and an ambush is always lurking somewhere. Thus other media companies have pulled out altogether with some opting to use local correspondents who stand a slightly better chance of security than their foreign counterparts (Cockburn, 2007). The Iraqi war started in earnest and for months on end dominated the newsrooms as dramatic events such as the capture and execution of Saddam Hussein unfolded. However, even the most sensational story loses its luster with time and the Iraq war is no exception. Having dragged on for years and with no end in sight, it slowly slipped into oblivion as journalists tired of reporting the same old bloody story and the public grew numb to the coverage. A study by the Project of Excellence in Journalism reveals falling Iraq news coverage, 24% to 1%, by cable networks. Print media have also reduced coverage, from 457 stories related to Iraq as of September 2007 to 49 as of March 2008. Clearly, interest in the Iraq coverage seems to be declining. This has been attributed to several factor such as the danger faced by journalists in Iraq, declining budgets in the face of high maintenance costs for Iraq correspondents, competing stories and war fatigue (Ricchiardi, 2008). Personally, I tired of following the Iraq war coverage quite a while back. This is because there is nothing new. Day in day out, we listen to the same old bloody story and sadly, we have become used to it. With no end in sight, I have had found myself letting go of the Iraq war and shifting focus to other events. Maybe it is time for the U. S government and its army to do the same.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

P.T. Barnum essays

P.T. Barnum essays The late 19 th century was era of vast change and social, economic, andindustrial upheaval. Many of the changes during the 19th century can beseen in our 20 th century society. The growth of classes created new distinctionsbetween the rich and the poor that remain with us today. Especially in the1880sand 1890s, it can be observed how many workplaces, consumer choices, recreationalpursuits, and demographic patterns underwent transition or transformation (Thomson 12). The remnants of the traditional society which existed priorto the Civil War era were seldom to be seem. The changing role of women,the rise in immigration, the expansion into the West, the growth of the middle class, the growth of the urban poor, the changing media and communication:all of these transformations contributed to the new society that was emerginginthe late 19th century. The growing importance of the middle class isevidentin their increasing control of the country's political, social,and culturalagendas. They promoted the consumerism that defines this eraand our livestoday. The growth of the middle class as well as the growing separationof the middle class from the low-income manual laborers define the differences that begin to emerge at the close of the 19th century. Itis this vast upheaval of the notion of classes, the role of women and immigrants, and the positionof workers which characterized the modernization of the19th century. Itwas the changes in class, work, ethnicity, and religionin America whichsparked transformations in the cultural and social pursuits. One endeavor which can be seen as a result of this mass upheaval in rolesandposition is the rise and popularity of freak shows. The role of freaks inthe entertainment of each class and culture of Americans is seen in theliteratureof the era. It often seems shocking that the conservative culture of VictorianAmerica would enable freak shows to be popularized. However,when examiningthese literary works...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Business Writing Style Tools

Business Writing Style Tools (Issue 27: April, 2010)This issue offers a strategy reminder and a tool to measure your business writing clarity.Good strategy is summarized by Mark Twain, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and even the A-Team's Mr. T.: "I notice that you use plain, simple language, short words and brief sentences. That is the way to write English - it is the modern way and the best way. Stick to it; don't let fluff and flowers and verbosity creep in." - Mark Twain "It is not enough to write so that you can be understood; you must write so clearly that you cannot be misunderstood." - Ralph Waldo Emerson "Don't gimme none o' that jibba-jabba!" - Mr. T A good tool is the Readability Measurement within Microsoft Office and Outlook. By default, the "Spelling Grammar Check" feature is enabled, and of course you should always run it to check for typos and errors. It is not infallible, but it will flag many errors. The Readability Measurement must be enabled, and will assess: 1. Words per sentence (average) 2. Percentage of passive sentences 3. Flesch Reading Ease score 4. Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level.Why paying attention to these four readouts can improve your writing:Words per sentence - In general, the longer the sentence, the harder it becomes for your reader to follow along. That's not to say you should always write in short sentences. Instead, strive for a variety that makes for interesting and engaging reading.Percentage of sentences written in the passive voice measures the readability of your text as the ratio of passive sentences over active sentences.The lower the score, the better. Active sentences are nearly always easier to read and understand, thus making your message clearer and more persuasive. Aim for a score less than 20%.The Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) is the standard test of readability used by the U.S. Department of Defense for its documents and forms. It indicates how easy it is to read a given document.The results can be between 0 and 100. The higher the score, the easier it is to understand what you have written. For example, a typical issue of Reader's Digest earns an FRE score of around 65 while Time Magazine scores in the low 50's. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address scores a 74.2. One way to score higher is to use shorter sentences. The results can be interpreted as following: * 0-29 - very confusing hard to read * 30-49 - difficult to read * 50-59 - fairly difficult * 60-69 - standard * 70-79 - fairly easy * 80-89 - easy * 90-100 - very easyRecommendation: A score of 60 or more. Higher is better. Even for business documents, a score of 60 is very achievable and it takes only a few edits to obt ain it.Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) measure translates the Flesch Reading Ease measure to a grade level. The grade level means the number of years of education generally required to understand a text. For example, a score of 9.4 would indicate that the text is expected to be understandable by an average student in the 9th grade. Most newspapers in the U.S. are written at a seventh to eighth grade level.Recommendation: 8.0 to 10.0 is a good target, but lower is better because it reflects language clarity, not content complexity.In business writing one should "write to express, not to impress." This does not mean you should dumb down your ideas and concepts. Instead, it requires you to express them with clean language.These measurements are not perfect. They only assess the textual structure of your document, not content. But, they will provide snapshot measurements to diagnose the textual clarity in your documents.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Agressive behavior in adolescent 12-18 Research Paper

Agressive behavior in adolescent 12-18 - Research Paper Example Since not all parents follow this technique as they are becoming quite busy in their own lives, they fail to discipline their children and their children continue to operate in an aggressive manner. Parents need to ensure that the techniques used for disciplining purposes are not very harsh as children may view continuous harsh treatment as unfair and they may react to these techniques in an aggressive manner. When children may react in an aggressive manner and parents even try to discipline this behavior by implementing harsher punishments, child will become more aggressive. Another theory that provides insight regarding aggressive behavior among teenagers caused by poor parenting is the strain theory. The strain theory asserts that individuals adopt aggressive behaviors because they fail to attain goals, which they value to be positive for their wellbeing (Cullen, 2013 p.148). In the case of teenagers, they put great value on being loved and cared for by their parents. If parents fail to provide love and affection to children, the child’s expectations are not met and thus he becomes aggressive. Hollist confirms this theory and cites that according to a study, huge portions of juvenile delinquents are those who were coercively treated at their homes (Cox, 2011, p.100). When parenting style is coercive in nature, the bond between the child and the parent becomes weak and due to this, the children become involved in the act of externalizing their problems. For example: a child might have witnessed divorce occurring between his/her parents and due t o the anger of divorce, the child may be involved in picking fights at school. Amato asserts that the rate of divorce in the American society has elevated and huge number of children in various households witnesses their parents fighting with each other (Fine, 2013, p.43). Due to this, a child may perceive that he/she is the

Saturday, November 2, 2019

The Womens Liberation Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Womens Liberation Movement - Essay Example Cohen raises a question that the demonstration is for war or something else? Context of parade was declared as women issues and war are the two sides of a coin. It is due to the fact that American policies and problems both have their roots in American homes that manifest itself throughout the country. Even when it comes to stop the war, firstly, women have to recognize and realize the oppression they are subjected to. They have to raise their â€Å"consciousness† that became the slogan of thousands across the country as radical Kathie Amatniek coined the idea â€Å"Sisterhood Is Powerful† (153). The speech is a real catharsis and source of enlightenment for those who love this world and humanity. Kathy Amatniek addresses the small number of women and in the very beginning sarcastically points out the small number of women contributing to the march for womanhood. She articulately narrates women journey that starts from sub-species of the human genus. Traditional womanhood is the recognition of women’s biological or closely related characteristic, the need as I would like to put it. Traditional womanhood is not allowed to go beyond sexuality as other areas of humanity are closed at her. Kathy Amatniek defines the role and of a woman according to man’s need, expectations and the way he places her in society. At first, the demands are wrapped in emotions and expectations then with subtle change in tone and Kathy Amatniek reveals the hidden challenge from man and internal fears of women. It is the brutal negation of woman’s role and status in society, indivi duality and dignity that the world is nothing and will offer nothing without man. Male parameters and traditional women’s limitations, emotional blackmailing followed by threatening challenge to face the world without man. Despite being unhappy and unsatisfied, traditional women believed in the man’s predictions, believed in her incapability, blamed her own self for being